Lesbians, throuple and more: Canada's Quebec now recognises multi-parent families

In a landmark ruling with national implications, Quebec's Superior Court has declared that children born into multi-parent families—such as “throuples” or other pre-conception arrangements involving three adults—must be granted the same legal recognition as children from two-parent households.

The court found it unconstitutional to restrict legal parenthood to only one or two people, signalling a major shift in Canadian family law. The Quebec government now has 12 months to revise the province’s Civil Code to comply with the decision.

What the Ruling Says
The case was brought forward by three multi-parent families, each with a distinct dynamic:

• A throuple—a romantic relationship involving three adults (a man and two women)—raising four children together.
• A lesbian couple and a male friend who agreed before conception to co-parent.
• A woman with infertility who agreed that her husband would have a child with a close friend, who in turn wanted to retain maternal rights.

In all three cases, the adults involved planned the child’s conception together—a key point that the court underscored. This ruling does not extend to step-parents or guardians who enter a child's life after birth.

“This is about intentional parenting ,” said Marc-André Landry, the lawyer representing the families. “Three people sitting down and saying, ‘Let’s raise a child together.’ That should be legally recognised.”

Why This Matters

Until now, Quebec was one of the few provinces that did not legally recognise more than two parents per child. Ontario and British Columbia already allow for multi-parent families under certain conditions.

The judgment reflects how legal systems are slowly catching up with evolving social realities. As family structures become more diverse—whether through same-sex couples, polyamorous relationships, or fertility arrangements—the law is being pushed to adapt.

“This is comparable to the acceptance of same-sex families in the ’80s and ’90s,” Landry said. “Those families are now normalised in Canada. The same evolution must occur with multi-parent families.”

What Happens Next?

The Quebec government has a year to make the necessary changes to the Civil Code, aligning it with the new ruling. That includes revising the language around legal parenthood, inheritance, custody, and other child welfare considerations.

For existing multi-parent families in Quebec, this ruling is a watershed moment. It means they can now seek formal legal status that matches their actual parental roles—ensuring access to medical decisions, inheritance rights, and custody protections.

The decision is also likely to trigger debates across other provinces where such legal recognition remains murky or undefined. In Canada, this ruling marks yet another step in the country’s ongoing effort to align the law with lived realities—no matter how unconventional they may seem.